Dr. Rowsanara Akhter

Dr. Rowsanara Akhter

Contact Information: 
Phone: +88-01716-895-607 (Cell)
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Educational Qualifications:

Job Experience: 

Research Experiences:

1. April 2005 to October 2009 (M. Phil. Program)- Mathematics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
   
   
2. June 2011 to August 2014 (Ph.D. Program)- Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
   
   

List of publications:

1. (1 to 12 have been published during IUS):
   Rowsanara Akhter, Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, and Md Abdul Alim. Entropy generation due to hydromagnetic buoyancy-driven hybrid-nanofluid flow in partially heated porous cavity containing heat conductive obstacle.Alexandria Engineering Journal, 62, 17-45, 2023 (Online 4 Aug 2022).
   Abstract: 
   Hydromagnetic natural convection heat transfer in an improved designing has sustainable importance in high performance thermal equipment and geothermal energy systems. This investigation explores the fluid flow and temperature behaviours along with entropy generation for buoyancy driven flow of hybrid nanofluid in a partially heated cavity saturated by porous medium having heat conductive cylinder in presence of external magnetic field. Effective thermal conductivity model is formulated based on Brownian motion of Cu and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles. The developed governing equations are solved implementing Galerkin finite element method. Results-based discussion is presented through streamlines, temperature contours, heat transfer rate and entropy generation tools, respectively. The results endorse that fluid flow and temperature and also local entropy generation are phenomenally influenced with higher buoyancy parameter but these impacts are correlated with magnetic field strength, amount of hybrid nanoparticles and also cavity permeability. The heat transfer rate and average entropy generation components are increased with the increase in Rayleigh number and these trends are expedited with the increase in cavity porosity and volume fraction but reverse trend is found for magnetic field effect except magnetic-irreversibility. In addition, Bejan number is declined for increasing Rayleigh and Darcy numbers but increased for higher Hartmann number and amount of hybrid nanoparticles.
   Details - (link) 
2. Rowsanara Akhter and Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, MHD natural convection in nanofluid filled square cavity with isothermally heated hexagonal block, International Journal of Thermofluid
   Science and Technology, 9 (1):090104, 2022. (Online Nov. 2021)
   Abstract: 
   This article explores the influence of natural convection heat transfer in a square enclosure with hexagonal block filled by Al₂O₃-H₂O nanofluid in presence of external magnetic field. The two vertical walls of the enclosure are kept at constant cold temperature, T_c, and the top horizontal wall is insulated whereas the remaining walls of the enclosure are maintained high temperature, T_h. The governing equations are formulated using Boussinesq approximations and solved numerically employing built-in-finite element method and then presented graphically in terms of streamlines, isotherms, average Nusselt number and average temperature. It is found that the different values of physical parameters: Rayleigh number (Ra = 10³ -10⁶), nanoparticle volume fraction (ϕ = 1% -5%) and Hartman number (Ha = 0-100) affects the streamlines, isotherm contours and heat transfer rate. Comparison of the present results with previously published results on the basis of special cases has been performed and found to be a good agreement.
   Details - (link)
    
3. M. M. Ali, Rowsanara Akhter, M. M. Miah, Hydromagnetic mixed convective flow in a horizontal channel equipped with Cu-water nanofluid and alternated baffles. International Journal of Thermofluids, 12, 100118, November 2021.
   Abstract: 
   In this study, mixed convective flow in a horizontal channel equipped with alternated baffles and external magnetic field is examined numerically. The channel is partially heated from its bottom wall at high temperature T_h while remaining sections along with the top wall are thermally insulated. Two pairs of baffles are alternately located at both the horizontal walls. Cold nanofluid enters with parabolic velocity through the inlet port of the channel. The governing equations based on Boussinesq approximation are solved implementing finite element method. The results for the physical quantities flow and temperature fields are demonstrated via streamlines, temperature contours, average Nusselt number and average temperature. It is found that the fluid flow and heat transfer are modulated by the orientation and height of alternated baffles. Fluid motion is accelerated with rising Reynolds number and declined for increase in magnetic strength and concentration of nanoparticles. Optimum heat transfer is obtained in respect of appropriate orientation of baffles. The heat transfer augmentation is also reduced by 22.14% at Ha = 50 compared to heat transfer at Ha = 0. In addition, heat transfer rate is 33.86% more in nanofluid containing 5% nanoparticles than base fluid water.
   Details - (link) 
4.  Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, S. Rushd, Rowsanara Akhter, M.A. Alim, Magneto-hydrodynamic mixed convective heat transfer in a nanofluid filled wavy conduit having rotating cylinders. Scientia Iranica, 29(2), 486-501, 2022 (online 5 October 2021). 10.24200/SCI.2021.56422.4717  
   
   
5. Rowsanara Akhter and Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, MHD natural convection in nanofluid filled square cavity with isothermally heated hexagonal block, International Journal of Thermofluid Science and Technology, 9 (1):090104, 2022. (Online Nov. 2021)
   Abstract: 
   This article explores the influence of natural convection heat transfer in a square enclosure with hexagonal block filled by Al₂O₃-H₂O nanofluid in presence of external magnetic field. The two vertical walls of the enclosure are kept at constant cold temperature, T_c, and the top horizontal wall is insulated whereas the remaining walls of the enclosure are maintained high temperature, T_h. The governing equations are formulated using Boussinesq approximations and solved numerically employing built-in-finite element method and then presented graphically in terms of streamlines, isotherms, average Nusselt number and average temperature. It is found that the different values of physical parameters: Rayleigh number (Ra = 10³ -10⁶), nanoparticle volume fraction (ϕ = 1% -5%) and Hartman number (Ha = 0-100) affects the streamlines, isotherm contours and heat transfer rate. Comparison of the present results with previously published results on the basis of special cases has been performed and found to be a good agreement.
   Details - (link) 
   
   
6.  Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, S. Rushd, Rowsanara Akhter, M.A. Alim, Magnetohydrodynamic mixed convective heat transfer in a nanofluid filled wavy conduit having rotating cylinders. Scientia Iranica, 29(2), 486-501, 2022 (online 5 October 2021).  10.24200/SCI.2021.56422.4717 
   
   
7.  Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, Rowsanara Akhter and Md Abdul Alim, Hydromagnetic mixed convection in a triangular shed filled by nanofluid and equipped with rectangular heater and rotating cylinders. International Journal of Thermofluids, 100105, August, 2021.
   Abstract:
   Nanofluid mixed convection in a triangular shed equipped with rotating cylinders subjected to a heat source is numerically investigated in this study. The shed is heated and cooled respectively from a rectangular heat source at the bottom wall and inclined top walls. Two rotating cylinders are placed over the heat source. The shed is permeated by an external magnetic field. The conservation equations are solved using finite element method. The code is verified by comparisons with previously published results. The numerical results of flow and temperature fields are demonstrated via streamlines, isotherms and bar charts for the variation of key parameters: Reynolds number (0≤Re≤100">0≤Re≤100), Hartmann number (0   ≤   Ha   ≤   50), nanoparticle volume fraction (0%   ≤   φ   ≤   5%), rotational speed of cylinders (10 ≤ U_c ≤ 100) and different positions of heat source. The strength of flow circulation is found accelerating with increasing Reynolds number and rotational velocity of cylinders but it declines for the effects of magnetic field and nanoparticle volume fraction. The thermal field is significantly influenced due to the variation in Reynolds number, cylinders rotational speed and the position of heat source. Maximum heat transfer is found at the corner positions of heat source, and it is 13.70% more than heat transfer for the case of centered position. Optimum heat transfer performance is taken place at higher rotational speed of the cylinders whereas reverse trend for higher magnetic strength. The best heat transfer rate is achieved in nanofluid with maximum concentration of nanoparticles (5%), which is 94.18% than heat transfer for base fluid water.
   Details - (link) 
   
   
8.  Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, Rowsanara Akhter and Md Abdul Alim, Hydromagnetic natural convection in a wavy-walled enclosure equipped with hybrid nanofluid and heat generating cylinder. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 60(6), 5245-5264, 2021.
   Abstract:
   Flow and heat transfer components of buoyancy driven convection in a hybrid nanofluid filled wavy-walled cavity are numerically investigated in this study. A cylindrical heat generating blockage is placed at the center of the cavity. The cavity is partially heated from its bottom wall and cooled from wavy-walls while the remaining walls are adiabatic. The cavity is permeated by a transverse magnetic field. Thermal conductivity model of hybrid nanofluid is developed comprising Brownian motions of different nanoparticles. The non dimensional governing equations are solved by implementing finite element method. Obtained results demonstrate the intensification of fluid flow circulation for increasing Rayleigh number and heater length. The heat transfer rate is expeditiously augmented for increase in Rayleigh number and hybrid nanoparticles volume fraction but reverse trend is observed for higher Hartmann number. The flow circulation and temperature distribution are influenced with the presence of heat generating cylinder and roughness of the cavity walls. In addition, strength of fluid motion becomes higher for wavy cavity containing heat generating obstacle compared to smooth cavity without blockage. Maximum heat transfer is ensured at lower heater length and radius of the heat generating cylinder. Heat transfer rate also increases with the roughness of the cavity.
   Details - (link) 
   
   
9.  Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, Rowsanara Akhter and Md Abdul Alim, Magneto-mixed convection in a lid driven partially heated cavity equipped with nanofluid and rotating flat plate. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 61(1), 257-278, 2022 (online 6 June 2021).
   Abstract:
   In this study, mixed convection in a nanofluid filled cavity induced by thermal buoyancy force, moving wall and rotating flat plate subjected to external magnetic field is numerically investigated. The cavity is partially heated from its bottom wall and cooled from top wall moving with constant velocity in ±x direction and other walls are kept adiabatic. A counter-clockwise rotating flat plate is placed at the centre of the cavity. The cavity is permeated by a transverse magnetic field. Conservation equations are simulated through implementing finite element method. Numerical results are presented using streamlines, isotherms and bar charts to explore the effects of physical parameters on the flow and temperature fields. It is found that flow and thermal fields are impressively affected with the variations in length and speed of rotating flat plate. Besides, higher length and rotational speed of the plate causes maximum amount of heat transfer. Best heat transfer is ensured while the direction of rotating plate is same as the direction of lid wall. Moreover, optimal heat transfer performance is obtained up to 5% nanoparticles concentration which is 123.02% more than base fluid. Higher magnetic field strength attenuates the fluid motion and hence heat transfer rate significantly.
   Details - (link) 
   
   
10. Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, Rowsanara Akhter and Md Abdul Alim. “Performance of flow and heat transfer analysis of mixed convection in Casson fluid filled lid driven cavity including solid obstacle with magnetic impact.” SN Applied Sciences, 3 (2),1-15, 2021.
    Abstract:
    In this study, the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of mixed convection in a double lid driven cavity containing a heat conducting solid obstacle in presence of magnetic field is numerically investigated. The left and right vertical walls of the cavity are isothermally heated and cooled respectively while horizontal walls are thermally insulated. A solid cylinder is positioned at the centre of the cavity. Mathematical model has been developed considering non-Newtonian model of Casson fluid and solved with finite element method based on Galerkin residual technique. The simulated numerical results are obtained through streamlines, temperature contours and average Nusselt number for a set of dimensionless parameters and discussed elaborately to make the effective usability of Casson fluid in different industrial and engineering processes. The obtained results based on special cases are compared with the existing results. It is observed that the flow and thermal fields were influenced significantly by the Reynolds number for any Casson fluid parameter. The intensification of streamlines strengthened for Casson fluid parameter compared to isotherms. Moreover, enhancement of heat transfer due to increased Reynolds number expedites with Casson fluid parameter while a reverse trend is observed for higher Hartmann number. In addition, appropriate direction of lid walls provides a better heat transfer rate.
    Details - (link) 
    
    
11. Rowsanara Akhter, Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, Md Abdul Alim, M. A. Maleque, M .M Ali, Magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection in a nanofluid filled tubular enclosure, Fluid Mechanics Research International Journal, Vol.4, Issue 1, 2020.  DOI:  10.15406/fmrij.2020.04.00058 
    
    
12. Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, Rowsanara Akhter, and Md Abdul Alim. "MHD natural convection and entropy generation in a grooved enclosure filled with nanofluid using twocomponent non-homogeneous model." SN Applied Sciences, Vol. 2, no. 4 (2020): 1-25.
    Abstract: 
    In this study, the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of mixed convection in a double lid driven cavity containing a heat conducting solid obstacle in presence of magnetic field is numerically investigated. The left and right vertical walls of the cavity are isothermally heated and cooled respectively while horizontal walls are thermally insulated. A solid cylinder is positioned at the centre of the cavity. Mathematical model has been developed considering non-Newtonian model of Casson fluid and solved with finite element method based on Galerkin residual technique. The simulated numerical results are obtained through streamlines, temperature contours and average Nusselt number for a set of dimensionless parameters and discussed elaborately to make the effective usability of Casson fluid in different industrial and engineering processes. The obtained results based on special cases are compared with the existing results. It is observed that the flow and thermal fields were influenced significantly by the Reynolds number for any Casson fluid parameter. The intensification of streamlines strengthened for Casson fluid parameter compared to isotherms. Moreover, enhancement of heat transfer due to increased Reynolds number expedites with Casson fluid parameter while a reverse trend is observed for higher Hartmann number. In addition, appropriate direction of lid walls provides a better heat transfer rate.
    Details - (link)
    
    
13. Rowsanara Akhter, Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, and Md Abdul Alim. "Hydromagnetic Natural Convection Heat Transfer in a Partially Heated Enclosure Filled with Porous Medium Saturated by Nanofluid." International Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Vol 5, no. 3 (2019): 52.
    Abstract: 
    In this paper, a computational analysis has been performed for hydromagnetic natural convection in a partially heated porous square enclosure filled with Al₂O₃-water nanofluid. The bottom wall of the enclosure is partially heated at constant high temperature T_h and the vertical walls are kept at constant temperature T_c which is lower than that of hot wall while the remaining walls are thermally insulated. A modified model for effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids is introduced by taking into account the random motion of nanoparticles. Finite element method is implemented to solve the governing partial differential equations which have been formulated based on Navier–Stokes and energy balance equations along with Brinkman equation. The numerical simulation has been carried out for a range of Rayleigh number (10³–10⁶), solid volume fraction of nanoparticles (0–5%), Hartmann number (0–100) and Darcy number (0.001–1.0) and detailed discussion has been presented based on results in terms of streamlines, isotherms, average Nusselt number and average velocity, respectively. Comparison of the present results with the previously published results has been performed and excellent agreements were found. The results show that the flow and temperature fields inside the enclosure are sensitive due to the variation of Rayleigh number, concentration of nanoparticles, Hartmann number and Darcy number. It is also found that optimum heat transfer take place in higher Rayleigh number, concentration of nanoparticles and Darcy number. In addition, nanofluid shows a greater heat transfer enhancement as compared to base fluid for all concentrations of nanoparticles considered.
    Details - (link) 
    
    
14. Rowsanara Akhter, Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, Md. Babul Hossain, Md. Musa Miah, MHD Free Convection Boundary Layer Flow over an Inclined Heated Flat Plate with Thermal Radiation Effect, American Journal of Fluid Dynamics, Vol.7(2), pp.4-48, 2017. doi:10.5923/j.ajfd.20170702.01   
    
    
15. Mohammad Mokaddes Ali1, Md. Abdul Alim, Rowsanara Akhter, Syed Sabbir Ahmed, MHD Natural Convection Flow of CuO/Water Nanofluid in a Differentially Heated Hexagonal Enclosure with a Tilted Square Block, International Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Vol.3, pp.1047-1069, 2017.
    Abstract: 
    A numerical investigation has been performed to analyze the effect of magnetohydrodynamic natural convection flow in a differentially heated hexagonal enclosure having a tilted square block filled with CuO/water nanofluid. The horizontal walls of the cavity and tilted walls of the obstacle are uniformly heated of temperature Th">ThTh while the inclined walls are kept at constant temperature Tc">TcTc. The governing conservation equations of the physical problem have been solved using finite element method based on Galerkin weighted residual technique and obtained numerical results are presented graphically in terms of streamlines, isotherms, average Nusselt numbers, mid height horizontal and vertical velocities, average temperature and average velocity of nanofluid for a range of Rayleigh number (103≤Ra≤106">103≤Ra≤106103≤Ra≤106), Hartmann number (0≤Ha≤70">0≤Ha≤700≤Ha≤70) and solid volume fraction (0.1%≤ϕ≤5%">0.1%≤ϕ≤5%0.1%≤ϕ≤5%) to show the flow structures and temperature characteristics. It is found that the flow fields and temperature distributions are influenced significantly for the effect of pertinent parameters. In addition, overall heat transfer rate enhanced due to higher values of Ra and ϕ">ϕϕ along with lower value of Ha. Comparisons of the present results with the previously published results on the basis of special cases are performed and found to be in good agreement.
    Details - (link) 
    
    
16.  Rowsanara Akhter, Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, M. Sharif Uddin, A. R. Khan, Heat Generation Effect on Convective Heat Transfer for Cylinder with Radiative Heat Transfer, Journal of Science and Technology (ISSN 2079-472X),Vol.5(1),pp.75-84, 2015.
    Abstract: 
    In this paper, a steady two-dimensional free convection boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a viscous and incompressible fluid about a circular cylinder in presence of thermal radiation and heat generation is considered. The partial differential equations, governing the problem have been converted employing a set of suitable transformations in a system of non-linear partial differential equations which is solved by using an implicit finite difference method. Numerical calculations are carried out for various values of radiation parameter and heat generation parameter and then presented graphically. It is worth pointing out that, increasing radiation and heat generation leads to enhance the velocity and temperature of the fluid. The results are found to be in good agreement with the existing results.
    Details - (link) (Printed copy: Mawlana Bhashani Science and Tech. Uni. Tangail, Journal)
    
    
17. Rowsanara Akhter, Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, Md. Babul Hossain, M. Sharif Uddin, Conjugate Effect of Radiation and Thermal Conductivity Variation on MHD Free Convection Flow for a Vertical Plate, American Journal of Computational Mathematics, Vol.3, pp.252- 259, 2013. 
    Abstract:
    A numerical investigation is performed to study the effect of thermal radiation on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) free convection flow along a vertical flat plate in presence of variable thermal conductivity in this paper. The governing equations of the flow and the boundary conditions are transformed into dimensionless form using appropriate similarity transformations and then solved employing the implicit finite difference method with Keller-box scheme. Results for the details of the velocity profiles, temperature distributions as well as the skin friction, the rate of heat transfer and surface temperature distributions are shown graphically. Results reveal that the thermal radiation is more significant in MHD natural convection flow during thermal conductivity effect is considered. To illustrate the accuracy of the present results, the results for the local skin fraction and surface temperature distribution excluding the extension effects are compared with results of Merkin and Pop designed for the fixed value of Prandtl number and a good agreement were found.
    Details - (link)  
    
    
18. Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, Rowsanara Akhter, NHM A Azim, M. A. Maleque, Effects of radiation and viscous dissipation conjugate free convection flow along a vertical flat plate, Journal of Science and Technology (ISSN 2079-472X), Vol.1(1), pp.11-21,2011. (Printed copy: Mawlana Bhashani Science and Tech. Uni. Tangail, Journal) 
    Abstract:
    In this analysis, the effects of radiation and viscous dissipation on conjugate free convection flow along a vertical flat plate have been investigated. The governing equations which include such effects are made dimensionless form with appropriate transformations and then solved numerically using implicit finite difference method with Keller box scheme. The resulting numerical solutions for the details of the velocity profiles, temperature distributions as well as the skin friction and surface temperature distributions are presented graphically. A discussion has been provided for the effects of Prandtl number, radiation parameter and viscous dissipation parameter on two dimensional flows.
    Details - (link) 
    
    
19. Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, Rowsanara Akhter, NHM. A. Azim, M. A. Maleque, The Effects of Radiation and Heat Generation on MHD Natural Convection Flow Along a Vertical Flat Plate in Presence of Viscous Dissipation, Daffodil International University Journal of Science and Technology, Vol.6, Issue 01, January 2011.
    Abstract:
    This article investigates the effects of radiation and heat generation on magnetohydrodynamic( MHD) natural convection flow of an incompressible viscous electrically conducting fluid along a vertically placed flat plate in presence of viscous dissipation and heat conduction. Appropriate transformations were employed to transform governing equations of this flow into dimensionless form and then solved using the implicit finite difference method with Keller box scheme. The resulting numerical solutions of transformed governing equations are presented graphically in terms of velocity profile, temperature distribution, skin friction coefficient and surface temperature and the effects of magnetic parameter (M), radiation parameter (R), Prandtl number (Pr) and heat generation parameter (Q) and viscous dissipation parameter (N) on the flow have been studied with the help of graphs.
    Details - (link) 
    
    
20. M. M. Ali, R. Akhter, N.H.M.A. Azim, M.I. Abdullah, The Effects of Radiation and Viscous Dissipation on MHD Natural Convection Flow along a Vertical Flat Plate in Presence of Joule Heating, Journal of Applied Science and Technology, (ISSN 2218-841X)Vol.7, No.2, pp 9-16,2010. (Printed copy: Islamic Uni. Kushtia, Journal)
    Abstract:
    In this analysis, the effects of radiation, joule heating and viscous dissipation on Magneto-Hydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection flow along a vertical flat plate in presence of heat conduction are investigated. The governing equations associated with boundary conditions for this analysis are transformed into dimensionless form using appropriate similarity transformations and then solved numerically adopting implicit finite difference method. The resulting numerical solutions are presented graphically in terms of velocity profile, temperature distribution, local skin friction coefficient in terms of shear stress and local heat transfer rate in terms of Nusselt number and the effects of magnetic parameter (M), radiation parameter (R), Prandtl number (Pr), viscous dissipation parameter (N) and joule heating parameter (J) on the flow have been studied.
    Details - (link) 
    
    
21. Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, Rowsanara Akhter, Combined effects of radiation and heat generation on MHD natural convection flow along a vertical flat plate in presence of heat conduction, BRAC University Journal Vol. VI, No.2, pp.11-20, 2009.
    Abstract:
    Study of the effects of radiation and heat generation on MHD natural convection flow of an incompressible viscous electrically conducting fluid along a vertically placed flat plate in presence of heat conduction is considered. The governing equations of the flow are transformed into dimensionless from with appropriate transformations and then solved using the implicit finite difference method with Keller-Box scheme. The resulting numerical solutions of transformed governing equations are presented graphically in terms of velocity profile, temperature distribution, local shear stress, local heat transfer rate and surface temperature and the effects of magnetic parameter (M), radiation parameter (R), Prandtl number(Pr) and heat generation parameter (Q) on the flow and the graphs are discussed.
    Details - (link) 
    
    
22. Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, Rowsanara Akhter, NHM. A. Azim, The effects of radiation and joule heating on MHD natural convection flow along a vertical flat plate in presence of heat conduction, Southeast University Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol.4, No. 4, December 2009. (Printed copy: Southeast University Journal) 

List of Conference Papers:

1. Rowsanara Akhter, Mohammad Mokaddes Ali, M. A. Maleque and A. A. Mamun, The effect of combined radiation and conduction on MHD natural convection flow along a vertical flat plate, 16TH Math. conf. of Bangladesh Mathematical Society, December, 2009.
   
   
2. Rowsanara Akhter, M. M Ali and M. A. Maleque, The effects radiation and viscous dissipation on MHD natural convection flow along a vertical flat plate in presence of heat conduction, 16TH Math. conf. of Bangladesh Mathematical Society, December, 2009.

MPhil’s Thesis Title:

1. Combined effect of radiation and conduction on MHD natural convection flow along a vertical flat plate

Ph.D.’s Thesis Title:

1. Effects of Thermal Radiation and Pressure Work on Viscous Joule Heating MHDConjugate Heat Transfer with Variable Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity in Presence of Heat Generation.